Essay on JANE AUSTEN PRIDE AND PREJUDICE - 1094 Words

JANE AUSTEN: PRIDE AND PREJUDICE A Critical Analysis The opening chapter of the novel gives us a brief introduction to the lives of the Bennets. Mrs Bennet’s sole purpose in life is to marry of her daughters to wealthy young men. It begins with Mr and Mrs Bennet having a conversation about marrying of their daughters as soon as possible. Mrs Bennet tells her husband about a young man who has taken possession of Netherfield and about how they should make it a point to visit him and introduce their daughters to him so he can marry one of them. Mr Bennet is seemingly uninterested and is sarcastic about the idea, which partly angers his wife. The use of humour in the opening chapter is brought out by Mr Bennet through his†¦show more content†¦This might not be the case for the man, and he might be completely uninterested in their daughters. This piece of irony serves to introduce us to the story in the book in a captivating and thought provoking manner. Mr Bennet says, â€Å"I will send a few lines by you to assure him of my hearty consent to his marrying whichever he chooses of the girls†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Though this may be considered a sarcastic remark, it is an ironic statement because he says the opposite of what he means for the sake of emphasis. Due to this statement we see that his wife is ‘ over-scrupulous’ and that he is not much concerned about the marriage of his daughters. Mrs Bennet brings out irony in her statement, â€Å" Mr Bennet, how can abuse your children in such a way!†. This is irony because, though this is true of her husband, she too is guilty of the same thing when she passes comments about Lizzy. Mr and Mrs Bennet are sarcastic towards each other. This is shown by the fact that they refer to each other as Mr Bennet, and Mrs Bennet, which is quite unusual. â€Å"My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I doShow MoreRelatedElizabeth in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay1949 Words   |  8 PagesFauconier Jane Austen, a writer in 19th Century England, wrote about what she knew; namely the societal norms of her era and class. In a time where men were given all the status and privileges, she wrote novels predominantly about women, their position in society, and the roles that they played. Since women were not entitled to property, they would often grow up with the goal of finding a suitable husband (Guidelines 1990:1). It is for this reason that people have criticised Jane Austen’s writingsRead MoreCombined Experience of Suffering, Death and Love all at Once1541 Words   |  7 Pagesthey have a hard time expressing those feelings. Many of the greatest writers used their own personal life experiences to make beautiful works of arts, including Jane Austen and Charles Dickinson. Jane Austen’s background in the English landed gentry allowed her to analyze the culture in which she lived in such works as â€Å"Pride and Prejudice,† â€Å"Emma,† and â€Å"Sense and Sensibility.† Charles Dickens used his great childhood poverty to write such masterpieces as Great Expectations, David Copperfield and

Functionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism

Global poverty is one of the biggest epidemics that many countries face today. In this paper I will first explain functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Secondly, I will explain the different causes of global poverty. Thirdly, I will collect my own data to explain poverty in one country. Finally, I will identify the idea of ethnocentric and culturally relative. First and foremost, there are three types of theories that can be applied to global poverty which are functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. To start off with functionalism is when a society comes together and works as a whole. Next, we have conflict theory where some theorist says it happens when a society competes with one another†¦show more content†¦Next, another example is when our country help a low poverty that have a great outcome of resources we tell them what to give us in return and how much to give it to us for. That causes a substantial deal of conflict because we are taking their resources that they need to make money for their country in order to survive. Finally, some places like South Africa had a system in which you weren’t able to move up to a higher position in which you are only able to obtain the position in which you are born into. South Africa’s system was called a caste system, it is no longer illegal, however; it is still enforced daily. When this caste system was a law, then people of lower status were not able to interact with those who were deemed higher than them, and there were some instances when they were not allowed outside at the same time they were. If your shadows had crossed or if you had accidentally had touched them, then they were considered unclean. This would fit under functionalism because they all worked together to keep this system in place. In addition, poverty in Kenya is a humongous epidemic, however; most of the poverty that is seen there is more in the rural area. Most of the work that is available for people in Kenya are farming and agriculture so when there is a disaster that ruins crops they no longer have a job. Even though they are a poor country the children are stillShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism875 Words   |  4 Pagessociologist’s standpoint, which are, Functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. All three allow us to take an outlook on how to view the act of deviance. Functionalism was founded by Emile Durkheim, who continuously question norms and how society works. Functionalism is based on how society conformed to the daily functions of everyday activity. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, there are boundaries that are strict between morals and social. Functionalism focus on the natural way societyRead MoreFunctionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism1462 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluate the â€Å"why’s† and â€Å"what’s† within a society. The two main perspectives or theories used by sociologists to analyze society are macrosociology and microsociology, but more specifically: Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism. First, functionalism is simply defined as: how a society works (Ferris and Stein 2016). This is a technique that is used through a macrosociology point of view. Functionalism is used to look at society as a whole, instead of paying attention to smallRead MoreThe Sociological World : Functionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism978 Words   |  4 PagesThere are three main theoretical perspectives in the sociological world: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Functionalist â€Å"see society as a structure of interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society† (Keirns et al., 2015, p.15). Conflict theorists see society â€Å"as a competition for limited resources† (Keirns et al., 2015, p. 16), while symbolic interactionist focus on the relationships among individuals within societyRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Functionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism900 W ords   |  4 PagesExplain the three major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Identify which perspectives use a macro level or a micro level of analysis. Apply each perspective to socialization. Functionalism – Macro Level – This means that each person has a specific function and that each society works together to achieve what is best. For example, my 2 boys attend a public school. The school is funded by taxes I pay as well as neighbors who do not have any childrenRead MoreTheories That Serve As Lenses For Analyzing Society : Functionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism1433 Words   |  6 Pagesmain theories that serve as lenses for analyzing society: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Functionalism is based largely on the works of the sociologists Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Robert Merton, and more. According to the functionalist perspective, society exists as a harmonious system of interconnected parts that maintain a state of social equilibrium and balance as a whole. Different social elements contribute unique aspects to society, and functionalism emphasizesRead MoreExample Of The Three Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology1044 Words   |  5 Pages Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Nanesha Greathouse HCC Abstract This paper describes the three major theoretical perspectives in Sociology: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict theory. Sociologists developed these theoretical perspectives to help explain the way individuals conduct themselves and to help us to gain a better understanding of the world around us. Throughout this paper, the reader will learn about each perspective and its origin as well as additionalRead MoreCritical Theory, Functionalism And Symbolic Interactionism Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesthree major theories; critical theory, functionalism and symbolic interactionism. These theories express the structure of society in which each theory looks at a different aspects of sociology. Sociologists apply these theories in the study of society, but it becomes difficult if only one theory is applied. For that one applied theory, would only look at the aspect to which it is confined to. To successfully study sociology all three theories must be applied together. Critical theory was foundedRead MoreSociology : A Sociological Perspective896 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent perspective to view the world through from a sociological perspective. There are three specific views: Structural Functionalist, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism. Each has valid points of view, and not completely exclusive to the other, but in this case one is more correct and valid than the others. Conflict theory is the most credible theory in psychology because it factors in the problems of power and broken systems. Sociology is a social science that studies social interactionsRead MoreTheories And Nature Of Human Behavior951 Words   |  4 Pageshuman behavior is by how people view society. There are three major theories that provide a lens to compare how and individual see their environment. â€Å"A theory is a set of ideas that attempts to explain the known facts of a subject in a way that makes sense† (Claerbaut, 2015). The three major theories are sociology are structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Structure functionalism â€Å"is a macro-level theory that views a society as a complete unit, in much the same way oneRead MoreThe Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, And Conflict Theory1040 Words   |  5 Pages The first theoretical framework is the symbolic interactionism. This focuses mainly on how the individual interacts with others, and how others influence the individual behaviors that impact society in a micro or macro way. The second theoretical framework is the conflict theory, it examines the rift between the rich and the poor and how it affects the quality of education, health care, and living condition of said group. Thirdly, the functionalist theory, which compares society to a system of interrelated

Scarborough Issues Free Essays

Scarborough issues Both the Philippines and China continue to assert sovereignty over the same area in the South China Sea. We therefore have an â€Å"international dispute,† an element necessary before one can go to an international court. We want to settle the dispute through the judicial resolution provision in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Unclos); but China does not. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarborough Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is the bind we are in. Suppose, however, that China eventually agrees to go to court. Can the Unclos be the source of resolution? If we appeal to the convention, will we be contradicting ourselves, as some claim, by laying claim to an area which is outside the geographical limits of Philippine territory as delineated in the Treaty of Paris? Indeed, the Treaty of Paris is a good starting point. But the treaty is an 1890 document drafted and entered into on the basis of the understanding of what maritime laws were at that time and their limitations. At that time the division of the law of waters was only between the territorial sea and the high seas. It said nothing beyond territorial waters. However, more jurisdictional divisions beyond territorial waters have developed since 1890. The territorial sea, as originally conceived, was the body of water which a coastal state could defend with the current range of cannons, a rather short distance. This was later expanded to the present 12 nautical miles. Within the territorial sea a coastal state could exercise certain restricted rights. Beyond the territorial sea were the high seas which were open to use and exploration by all. Things have changed radically since the early development of international law. The division into territorial sea and high seas is still there. But there have now come to be recognized certain zones of jurisdiction beyond the territorial waters. These developments are functional and resource-oriented and have come to threaten those who rely on traditional maritime rules. Thus, when you read of 22 Chinese vessels preventing Filipino vessels from entering the area around Scarborough Shoal, this is the problem we want the Unclos to resolve. The Unclos is not just a codification of customary international law but also goes beyond traditionally accepted rules. What are the new developments? First of all, we have to think of baselines. The Unclos allows states to draw baselines along the low water mark surrounding a coastal state. The baselines can either follow the indentations of the coast or they can be straight lines drawn from point to point. Straight baselines are allowed in archipelagos like the Philippines. Following the Unclos, we drew our baselines through the adoption of Republic Act 9522 modifying an earlier law. The baselines are important because the various zonal jurisdictions begin from there. Inward from the baselines are the internal waters over which a state exercises the same kind of jurisdiction it has over land. Outward from the baselines are 12 nautical miles of territorial sea. This is still traditional international law. But recently there have been recognized, beyond the territorial sea and within the high seas, new zones of limited jurisdiction. These new zones of limited jurisdiction are the contiguous zone (24 nautical miles), exclusive economic zone (200 nautical miles), and the continental shelf. These are covered by complicated rules that are under the Unclos. In some areas there has also been recognized an exclusive fish zone (200 nautical miles). The new zones, especially the exclusive economic zones of neighboring states, can overlap. The rules for resolving overlapping jurisdictions are also found in the Unclos. The Philippines has been asking China to go to court to resolve issues that have arisen in the Scarborough area. We also have issues with other neighboring states. These too will eventually have to be resolved through the Unclos. The problem we have with China is not just about waters but also about land area. A state’s claim to any portion of the sea begins from its terrestrial jurisdiction. We have conflicting terrestrial jurisdiction with China. We are claiming land areas that are outside the lines drawn by the Treaty of Paris. The challenge for us is to be able to justify our claims under the present state of international law. Merely citing the shape or date of old maps will not settle the issues. The Philippines will not abandon its claim simply on the basis of the lines of the 1890 Treaty of Paris. We should not surrender our claims simply on the basis of old maps. There is new international law jurisprudence on conflicting land claims which have to be studied to see how applicable it is to the current conflicting claims. This is a challenge to the Philippine government. Is solidifying our claim to terrestrial area essential to winning our maritime claims? Under RA 9522 we reasserted our claim to a â€Å"regime of islands† outside the Philippine archipelago. Islands, according to the Unclos, also have their maritime jurisdiction. (I am not sure if Scarborough Shoal qualifies as an island under Unclos. ) But the waters there are 120 nautical miles off the Zambales mainland, or within our exclusive economic zone. That is one basis of our claim, a good point to start from. P. S. Incidentally, Dr. Benito Legarda Jr. corrected me when I said in a previous column that Bajo de Masinloc means Below Masinloc. He is right. I have found since then that â€Å"Bajo† is the old form of â€Å"bajio† which means shoal. How to cite Scarborough Issues, Essay examples

Commentary and Projections Auditing Accountability

Question: Discuss about the Commentary and Projections Auditing Accountability. Answer: Introduction: The current assignment aims to provide an in-depth evaluation of the provided article, Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. The article focuses on positive accounting in the wider sense of a research program that intends to form causal descriptions of human behaviour in the accounting framework rather than profit after tax in accounting. In addition, the wide positivist research program has a number of deficiencies in practice. The most inherent complexities constitute of casual development of speculative models to be weathered, excessive dependence on the testing of hypotheses and lack of attention on the numerical values of the parameters. In order to evaluate the merits and demerits of positive accounting research, the researcher has evaluated the broader intellectual project with the assumptions of ontology and epistemology. In this context, Apostolou et al. (2016) remarked that critical review of positive accounting would review several loopholes, which restrict the same to make meaningful contributions to the broader research project. The assignment, thus, aims to provide a brief overview of the provided article. Moreover, the study would focus on identifying the research hypothesis along with description of its value and the method through which it has flowed from the literature review. Finally, the theoretical framework coupled with the significance and drawbacks of the article have been briefly illustrated. Summary of the article: The researcher, in the article, has attempted to investigate the positive approach associated with accounting research. As commented by Ballwieser et al. (2012), the accounting research of positive approach is linked with the broader intellectual project of scientific research, which aims to analyse the cause-effect relationships. The deficiencies in the positive accounting research have been demonstrated by selecting certain illustrative papers, which mainly include the papers from the auditing literature. It has been found that positive research is currently utilised in accounting; however, it has certain loopholes in accomplishing the scientific goal after choosing the illustrative papers to fit the purpose of this research. In addition, the description of Kuhn related to normal science suits with the positive research of accounting as well. The prospects are briefly elaborated for a Kuhnian revolution and crisis, which might accomplish positive accounting to accomplish its potent ial (Jones and Aiken 2015). The researcher has described Poppers criterion to prove that induction is not sufficient to measure the accuracy of any particular theory. In addition, the article has provided a brief review of the falsification of positive accounting theories. In order to describe the same, four classes of descriptions have been laid forward, which include error measurements, internal effects, external effects and the inefficiency of the relativity theory. Therefore, the researcher has inferred that a specific theory could not be anecdotal by observations; however, it could choose between two or more theories. In other words, the decisive observations falsify inaccurate theories; however, it is inherent only in case of support of a opposing theory. Along with this, the article has provided an in-depth dissection of the weaknesses and logic associated with the statistical hypothesis testing. However, it has been found that it has been a very dilute version of the logic of Popper. This is because every single test out of 20 could be wrongly rejected at the 5% level of significance. Moreover, the technical issue associated with hypothesis testing is the test statistic distribution falling under null hypothesis, which relies mainly on the supplementary assumptions. Furthermore, even if the technical issue could be resolved, there is high probability that hypothesis testing would fail. This is inherent when only a single alternate hypothesis is taken into account without adequate and careful specification. This is because it might be consistent with different accounting theories, which would provide different strength of association. Hence, the researcher has realised the ardent need to develop a better measurement procedure to unde rgo rigorous testing of the theoretical models prevalent in accounting. Research question/ hypothesis: The following research hypotheses have been set to examine the validity of positive accounting research: H0: There is existence of a universe, which is beyond the imagination level of an individual H1: The events in the world have reasons, which form a part of the universe themselves H2: The normal individuals could obtain highly reliable information about the global events with the help of vigilant observation H3: The intention of the intellectual property is to utilise observations for gaining a global understanding of the universe, especially causation In order to test the first hypothesis, various instances of positive research in accounting have been put forward. According to Bedford and Ziegler (2016), the operation of rational self-interest among parties interacted with implied or express contracts have resulted in theorising the phenomena of accounting. For testing the second hypothesis, the researcher has discussed scientific epistemology and ontology, which illustrates that the research of positive accounting is not identical as accounting research. In this context, Bromwich and Scapens (2016) advocated that events do not occur as random or the output of intervention from outside the universe. In order to assess the third hypothesis, the researcher has discussed falsification and hypothesis testing to determine its validity. Therefore, according to the provided theory, careful observation is required through which preliminary ideas could be developed. Accordingly, a formal theory could be developed with testable anticipations, which is consistent with the existing relevant and dependable empirical evidence (Chatfield and Vangermeersch 2014).After that, the anticipations of the new theory could be tested in contrast to new observations in circumstances, in which the old and new theories make various anticipations. Therefore, the above two steps need to be repeated. For testing the final hypothesis, the different models are tested with specific focus on measurement. In this context, Colasse and Durand (2014) stated that mental models could be used to map the causal procedures occurring in the universe. Therefore, the researcher has framed the hypotheses, which are adequately flowed in the section of literature review. Theoretical framework: The following theoretical frameworks have been used in the article to meet the objectives of the research: Instances of positive research in accounting: The operation of balanced self-interest among parties is the outcome of the accounting phenomena through implied or express contracts in various kinds of organisations. These cover the accounting choices on the part of the organisational managers, reporting and pricing decisions on the part of the auditors, the decisions of the regulators in terms of standard setting and the professional advices of academics. As stated by Crawford and Lepine (2013), it is necessary to determine the type of information, which the investor uses to make investment decisions. This deduces that the behaviour of the human beings is rational; however, not in the kind of games that happen from the theory of positive accounting (Smith 2014). In addition, after investigation of several accounting researches, the accounting settings have been evaluated in the absence of coherent behaviour, like the method through which audit professionals make judgements and the ways in which managers utilise discretion in the systems of performance evaluation. Therefore, these instances serve to demonstrate that the program of positive research is much wider compared to positive accounting theory (Deegan 2016). Therefore, any specific research that intends to gain an insight of the nature and causes of the accounting phenomena follows the scientific research of accounting. Scientific epistemology and ontology: In the words of Dyckman and Zeff (2015), epistemology is a scientific field, which aims to explain the different approaches available to gain an understanding of the world. Ontology, on the other hand, seeks to explain the activities and their association to answer the question. Firstly, the human agency and the socially developed nature of roles, associations and practices depict that the social earth does not have an objective subsistence devoid of the human beings, participants and the activities need not possess any rational reasons (Uno and Bartelmus 2013). In addition, the earth could not be observed devoid of the experiences of human beings and explanations of the participants (Gaffikin and Aitken 2014).Hence, because of such ontological and epistemological complexities, the agenda to gain an understanding of the reasons of accounting phenomena is like a futile exercise of flogging a dead horse. Therefore, the problem associated with the positive research is the exploration of experience and meaning, as it intends to explore reasons. The various research streams with diverse range of objectives could exist at the same time. Another major issue is related to that of agency. This is because if the human beings possess own will, their actions might result in causes that are not acquiescent to scientific study (Guthrie and Parker 2016). Henceforth, it is possible to describe the general behavioural trends; however, some accountants and auditors might tend to behave in a different manner. Thus, the behavioural causes would not be identified in the objective world; however, in a different place. Needs of an effective positive research program: From the provided article, it has been identified that stringent testing of the vulnerable models is needed for careful evaluation of the variable measurements. Along with this, the analytical modelling is necessary for testing and formation of the theoretical models. In order to implement analytical modelling in the positive accounting research program, the field pre-occupation is required to swing from tractability to plausibility (Henderson et al. 2015). The researcher has suggested that greater focus on measurement is required, instead of testing only. This is because in accounting, a bias related to strong publication is inherent against dimension, excluding when the same is linked with a theory. This is because the shortage of resources in accounting is inherent due to the lack of availability of adequate resources (Jones 2015). Significance and limitations of the article: After evaluation of the provided article, it has been found that the research has portrayed a broad gap between the current practices of positive accounting and the needs to make relevant contributions to the broader intellectual program. In case, there is absence of system optimisation, it is necessary to modify the same for rectifying the mistake. In addition, the article provides a rational insight of the scientific research, which is validated by the participating accounting groups. With the help of this research, it has been identified that there is need for better theoretical models, which are more reliable in nature. In addition, the article has proven that positive accounting research is a ramification of quantitative models, which are minimised to statements of the projected trend between two variables. However, the major limitation identified out from the article that this research would not contribute awareness of human behaviour in the context of accounting. This is because it lacks collection of real life data from various sources. This specific limitation has been acknowledged in the article. However, the lack of collection of secondary and primary data has hindered the quality of the research. In addition, the researcher has made inferences based on the statements of various authors regarding positive research accounting. Finally, the quantitative aspects are not provided adequate importance, which is crucial in the current era to estimate the future growth of the organisations in the long-run. Conclusions: The above assignment has aimed to evaluate the epistemology and ontology of positive accounting research to ascertain its loopholes and the methods through which such loopholes could be overcome. The researcher has recommended that certain theoretical models need to be formulated, for detailed testing of the accounting variables. Secondly, there is an increasing need for a better measurement tool to undergo rigorous testing of the theoretical models. In order to achieve the same, the concepts need to be operationalised through findings of proxies to present reliable associations. It has been determined that the behaviour of the human beings is rational; however, not in the kind of games that happen from the theory of positive accounting. However, the quantitative aspects of accounting need to be prioritised to predict the future performance of the organisations. Therefore, it could be inferred that slight modifications in positive accounting program is required to minimise the organi sational errors in terms of accounting. References: Apostolou, B., Dorminey, J. W., Hassell, J. M., and Rebele, J. E., 2016. Accounting education literature review (2015).Journal of Accounting Education,35, pp.20-55. Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M. J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., and Gaynor, M., 2012.Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Bedford, N. M., and Ziegler, R. E., 2016. The contributions of AC Littleton to accounting thought and practice.Memorial Articles for 20th Century American Accounting Leaders,49, p.219. Bromwich, M., and Scapens, R. W., 2016. Management Accounting Research: 25 years on.Management Accounting Research,31, pp.1-9. Chatfield, M., and Vangermeersch, R., 2014.The History of Accounting (RLE Accounting): An International Encylopedia. Routledge. Colasse, B., and Durand, R., 2014. 3 French accounting theorists of the twentieth century.Twentieth Century Accounting Thinkers (RLE Accounting), p.41. Crawford, E. R., and Lepine, J. A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork.Academy of Management Review,38(1), pp.32-48. Deegan, C., 2016. Twenty five years of social and environmental accounting research within Critical Perspectives of Accounting: Hits, misses and ways forward.Critical Perspectives on Accounting. Dyckman, T. R., and Zeff, S. A., 2015. Accounting Research: Past, Present, and Future.Abacus,51(4), pp.511-524. Gaffikin, M., and Aitken, M., 2014.The Development of Accounting Theory (RLE Accounting): Significant Contributors to Accounting Thought in the 20th Century. Routledge. Guthrie, J., and Parker, L. D., 2016. Whither the accounting profession, accountants and accounting researchers? Commentary and projections.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(1), pp.2-10. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Jones, S. (Ed.)., 2015.The routledge companion to financial accounting theory. Routledge. Jones, S., and Aiken, M., 2015. Evolution of early practice descriptive theory in accounting.The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, p.91. Smith, M., 2014.Research methods in accounting. Sage. Uno, K., and Bartelmus, P. (Eds.)., 2013.Environmental accounting in theory and practice(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media.